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GRIP

Data series

Tephras
  • series: Tephras
  • series_type: Tephras
zz_rangett_sigmasamplevolc_regionvolcanoeruptionref
-10449.5500QUEST944/274IcelandIceland_volcanoesNAAZ I
871.51QUEST944/300EVZVeidivotnLandnam (basaltic)
-8346.51QUEST944/31EVZGrimsvotnSaksunarvatn
871.51QUEST944/73EVZTorfajökullLandnam (silicic)

Iceland_volcanoes

Data series

Eruptions
  • series: Eruptions
  • series_type: Volc_Eruptions
eruptioneruption_typett_sigmat_sourcerefnotes
PMG-5Plinian1600.5100doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rrpossibly c. AD 1600 interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002).
BIP-24Plinian900.5100doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2005.tb01011.xc. AD 900 interpolated
AD860 Layer part BPlinian860.520doi:10.1177/095968369500500111c. AD 860 ± 20 radiocarbon wiggle-match at Sluggan (AD lower layer, colourless tephra shards, two populations)
OMH-185 (Barnsmore)Plinian-716.538IntCal04doi:10.1191/0959683604hl757rrc. 755-680 cal BC (Plunkett et al. 2004). According to Hall and Pilcher (2002) this is probably equivalent to the DOM-6 'microlite' tephra in Germany.
Derrycunihy Wood SH-1Plinian
FMAZ II (Fugloyarbanki)Plinian-24739.51GICC05doi:10.1002/jqs.118226740 ± 390 yr b2k in NGRIP 1848.05
BorrobolPlinian-12094.595IntCal09doi:10.1002/jqs.1498Best current estimate is 14.14-13.95 cal ka BP (Bayesian age model). Replaces Turney et al. (1997) date of c.14.4 cal ka BP. Davies et al. (2004) suggestion of 2 eruptions has been revised by Matthews et al. (2011).
L3574PlinianNo age given, reported as 'older than Saksunarvatn tephra' by Dugmore and Newton (1997). Turney et al. (2006) suggests an age of c. 10.8 ka cal. BP.
OWB-105 AD700Plinian700.5100doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rrc. AD 700 interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002).
Penifiler TephraPlinian-11929.5200IntCal09doi:10.1002/jqs.149814.08-13.68 cal ka BP (Bayesian age model)
Sluggan APlinian-12549.5500doi:10.1002/jqs.990c. 14500 cal BP suggested by Turney et al. (2006)
Sluggan BPlinian-10849.5500doi:10.1002/jqs.990c. 12800 cal BP suggested by Turney et al. (2006)
AD860 Layer part APlinian860.520doi:10.1177/095968369500500111c. AD 860 ± 20 radiocarbon wiggle-match at Sluggan (AD lower layer, colourless tephra shards, two populations)
BMR-90 AD920Plinian920.5100doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rrc. AD 920 interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002)
Breakish TephraPliniandoi:10.1002/jqs.1066no date suggested although position above the Ashik tephra and Saksunarvatn indicates an age in the early-mid Holocene.
DOM-6 'microlite' tephraPlinian-696.535doi:10.1006/qres.2002.2325c. 730-664 cal BC radiocarbon (van den Bogaard et al. 2002). According to Hall & Pilcher (2002) this is probably equivalent to the OMH-185 (Barnsmore) tephra.
GB4-182Plinian-1349.5200doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rrc. 1350 cal BC interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002)
GB4-50 AD1250Plinian1250.5100doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rrc. AD 1250 interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002)
Harthorpe Moss tephraPliniandoi:10.1177/095968369600600112
Lough Portain BPlinian0doi:10.1177/095968369500500301sub-population of Hekla AD 1510 eruption (Lough Portain A). Status is unclear, not a distinct isochrone
MOR-T4Plinian1000.5100doi:10.1191/0959683604hl749rpc. cal AD 1000 interpolated (Chambers et al. 2004)
Roddans Port APliniandoi:10.1002/jqs.990two sub-populations (A & B) at 63-64 cm depth, dating unclear, pre-Vedde Ash.
Roddans Port BPliniandoi:10.1002/jqs.990two sub-populations (A & B) at 63-64 cm depth, dating unclear, pre-Vedde Ash.
SLU-5Plinian1650.550doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rrc. AD 1600-1700 interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002)
Stomyren tephraPlinian-149.5100doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.030c. 2100 cal yr BP interpolated (Wastegard 2005)
Vallensgard Mose tephraPliniandoi:10.1002/jqs.990Stratigraphic position is similar to Vedde Ash, in the middle of the Younger Dryas, but geochemistry is different. Unclear if this is a significant tephra horizon.
NAAZ IPlinian-10449.5500Marine04doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.03.001Diffuse layer representing c. 11 ka 14C yr GS-1 ash zone containing components from I-Thol-2 (Grímsvötn), I-Rhy.1 (Katla) and I-Thol-1 (Veidivötn). It is commonly believed that the biggest contributor is the rhyolitic component of the Vedde Ash.
L-274Plinian-8274.5100IntCal09doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.01414C modeled age of 10,325-10,125 yr cal BP (Lind & Wastegard 2011).
5d-BASPlinian-109549.55000Orbitaldoi:10.1016/s0277-3791(98)00038-9Probably represents an eruption complex. Several geochemical populations: BAS-I, BAS-II, BAS-III.
5e-MidtPlinian-123049.55000Orbitaldoi:10.1016/s0277-3791(98)00038-9Probably represents an eruption complex. Several geochemical populations: RHY, INT, BAS & TAB (the 5e-Midt/TRACHY is believed to be from Jan Mayen). Wallrabe-Adams & Lackschewitz (2002) suggest either Vatnafjoll or Vestmannaeyjar may be the source.
5e-LowPlinian-127549.55000Orbitaldoi:10.1016/s0277-3791(98)00038-9Probably represents an eruption complex. Several geochemical populations. Wallrabe-Adams & Lackschewitz (2002) suggest either Vatnafjoll or Vestmannaeyjar may be the source.
St. 5a-THOL-1Plinian-74549.55000Orbitaldoi:10.1016/0012-821x(95)00145-3THOL geochemical composition
St. 7-RHY-I & IIPlinian-208049.520000Orbitaldoi:10.1002/jqs.3390060205RHY-I & RHY-II geochemical compositions
St. 7-BAS/INT-IPlinian-208549.520000Orbitaldoi:10.1002/jqs.3390060205INT-I & INT/BAS-I geochemical compositions
St. 9-RHY-IPlinian-328049.530000Orbitaldoi:10.1002/jqs.3390060205RHY geochemical composition; possible equivalent to NAAZ III (III-RHY-I, c.320 ka)
St. 9-BAS-IPlinian-328049.530000Orbitaldoi:10.1002/jqs.3390060205BAS geochemcial composition
AD860 Layer part B_Distribution
  • series: AD860 Layer part B_Distribution
  • series_type: Tephra_Distribution
  • eruption: AD860 Layer part B
sitecountrylongitudelatitudeelevationsite_typesampletephra_typetephra_depositmaterialz_rangecollectedcollected_bynotes
Ballysculllian EastUK-6.46299982154.7975006144TerrestrialQUEST621/111distalfallashquest
Borg IndrepollenNorway13.4940004368.14499664TerrestrialQUEST636/111distalfallashquest
BIP-24_Distribution
  • series: BIP-24_Distribution
  • series_type: Tephra_Distribution
  • eruption: BIP-24
sitecountrylongitudelatitudeelevationsite_typesampletephra_typetephra_depositmaterialz_rangecollectedcollected_bynotes
Borg IndrepollenNorway13.4940004368.14499664TerrestrialQUEST636/110distalfallashquest
Derrycunihy Wood SH-1_Distribution
  • series: Derrycunihy Wood SH-1_Distribution
  • series_type: Tephra_Distribution
  • eruption: Derrycunihy Wood SH-1
sitecountrylongitudelatitudeelevationsite_typesampletephra_typetephra_depositmaterialz_rangecollectedcollected_bynotes
Derrycunihy WoodIreland-9.41666984652.01670074TerrestrialQUEST580/113distalfallashquest
NAAZ I_Distribution
  • series: NAAZ I_Distribution
  • series_type: Tephra_Distribution
  • eruption: NAAZ I
sitecountrylongitudelatitudeelevationsite_typesampletephra_typetephra_depositmaterialz_rangecollectedcollected_bynotes
K708-1-23.7550-4053MarineQUEST709/3distalfallashquest

Katla

Data series

Eruptions
  • series: Eruptions
  • series_type: Volc_Eruptions
eruptioneruption_typett_sigmat_sourcerefnotes
Vedde AshUltra-Plinian-10170.51GICC05doi:10.1029/2005jd006079Bi-model rhyolitic and basalt ash layer, c. 12171 ± 114 yr b2k (GICC05); alternatively NGRIP SS09 11985-11988 ice core yr BP. Norddahl and Haflidason (1992) have suggested that the Skogar tephra is the proximal correlate of the Vedde Ash.
Katla AD1625Plinian1625.51CalendarAD 1625 historical
Eldgja tephraSub-Plinian934.51GICC05doi:10.1177/095968369500500201
notes
c. AD 938 ± 4 (GISP2) or AD934 ± 2.

Katla~1000 and K-x are now believed to correspond to this eruption (G. Larsen, 2010, Katla: tephrochronology and eruption history, in Schomacker et al. [eds.] 'The Mýrdalsjökull Ice Cap, Iceland: glacial processes, sediments and landforms on an active volcano', Developments in Quaternary Science vol. 13, pp.23-49, Amsterdam: Elsevier).
  • GA4-85Plinian750.550doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rrc. AD 700-800 interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002).
    Tjornuvik AD800 BPlinian800.550doi:10.1191/095968301668079904ninth century AD age suggested by Wastegard et al. (2001).
    GB4-150Plinian-777.521IntCal04doi:10.1191/0959683604hl757rrc. 800-758 cal BC (Plunkett et al. 2004).
    Mjauvotn APlinian-4399.5200doi:10.1191/095968301668079904c. 5300-5700 14C yr BP radiocarbon. A mid-distal basaltic tephra (Tv-5) dated to c. 6000 BP with a similar geochemistry to this tephra has been recorded in the sediment succession from Lake Torfadalsvatn on northern Iceland (Bjorck et al., 1992).
    Mjauvotn BPlinian-4399.5200doi:10.1191/095968301668079904c. 5300-5700 14C yr BP radiocarbon
    Torfadalsvatn (Tv-5)Sub-Plinian-4954.5240IntCal09doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1992.tb00009.xTransitional alkali basalt. Dated at Lake Torfadalsvatn to 6000 ± 140 14C yr BP (c.7240-6500 cal BP, 2 sigma). Possibly the mid-distal equivalent of Mjauvotn A tephra on the Faroes (Wastegard 2001). On the basis of major element geochemistry believed to be from Katla.
    SILK-A1Sub-Plinian-4009.5207IntCal09doi:10.1002/jqs.724c. 5170 ± 85 14C yr BP (Wastegard 2002, JQS 17(8), 723-730). Calibrates to 6182-5730 yr cal BP (2 sigma).
    SILK-A7Sub-Plinian-5189.5123IntCal09doi:10.1002/jqs.724c. 6245 ± 90 14C yr BP calibrates to 7415-6932 yr cal BP (2 sigma; Wastegard 2002)
    SILK-YNSub-Plinian310.570IntCal09doi:10.1179/env.2000.5.1.21There are three 14C ages for this tephra, from 1500 ± 70 to 1880 ± 60 14C yr BP. Dugmore et al. (2000) argue for an age of 1740 ± 50 14C yr BP. Calibrated age range of 1811-1539 cal BP (2 sigma).
    Suduroy tephraPlinian-6119.590IntCal09doi:10.1002/jqs.724Rhyolitic ash layer, c. 7240 ± 95 14C yr BP calibrates to 8310-7868 cal BP (2 sigma; Wastegard 2002, JQS 17(8), 723-730).
    NGRIP 1508.26mSub-Plinian-10249.51GICC05doi:10.1029/2005jd006079Rhyolitic ash layer. NGRIP GICC05 age of 12250 ± 117 b2k years
    NGRIP 1573.00mSub-Plinian-12019.51GICC05doi:10.1029/2005jd006079Basalt layer. NGRIP GICC05 14020 ± 167 b2k.
    Dimna AshPlinian-13149.5300IntCal04doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.021Rhyolitic ash that is below radiocarbon age of 12780 ± 60 14C yr BP (15400-14850 cal BP) on terrestrial plant macrofossils (Koren et al. 2008)
    AF555Plinian-9544.5295IntCal09doi:10.1002/jqs.1498Rhyolitic ash layer. Bayesian age model 11.79-11.20 cal ka BP
    Solheimar IgnimbritePhreato-Plinian-10149.5700doi:10.1007/bf00298704correlated with Vedde Ash and dated to Younger Dryas Stadial.
    NGRIP 1861.55mSub-Plinian-25526.51GICC05doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.004Transitional alkali basalt; GICC05 age of 27527 ± 410 b2k
    NGRIP 1895.24mSub-Plinian-27129.51GICC05doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.004Transitional alkali basalt; GICC05 age of 29130 ± 456 b2k
    IA2Sub-Plinian-11199.5146Orbitaldoi:10.1016/s0277-3791(00)00146-3Ice rafted rhyolitic ash layer, Bond et al. (2001) assigns this to GI-1b which has a GICC05 age range of 13311-13099 b2k (± 146).
    Skopun tephraPlinian-7799.5100IntCal09doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.01414C modeled age of 9850-9650 yr cal BP (Lind & Wastegard 2011).
    St. 5a-TAB-1Plinian-73449.55000Orbitaldoi:10.1016/0012-821x(95)00145-3TAB geochemical composition
    St. 5a-TAB-2Plinian-75549.55000Orbitaldoi:10.1016/0012-821x(95)00145-3TAB geochemical composition
    Tjornuvik AD800 B_Distribution
    • series: Tjornuvik AD800 B_Distribution
    • series_type: Tephra_Distribution
    • eruption: Tjornuvik AD800 B
    sitecountrylongitudelatitudeelevationsite_typesampletephra_typetephra_depositmaterialz_rangecollectedcollected_bynotes
    Borg IndrepollenNorway13.4940004368.14499664TerrestrialQUEST636/54distalfallashquest
    Vedde Ash_Distribution
    • series: Vedde Ash_Distribution
    • series_type: Tephra_Distribution
    • eruption: Vedde Ash
    sitecountrylongitudelatitudeelevationsite_typesampletephra_typetephra_depositmaterialz_rangecollectedcollected_bynotes
    GurskøyNorway5.55788993862.3708992TerrestrialQUEST637/3distalfallashquest
    KvaltjernNorway4.98140001360.42309952TerrestrialQUEST639/3distalfallashquest
    Lake KullatorpssjönSweden12.4877004656.2941017289TerrestrialQUEST692/3distalfallashquest
    Lake MullsjönSweden14.3607997958.36930084133TerrestrialQUEST695/3distalfallashquest
    Lerstadvatn, ÅlesondNorway6.26099014362.36729813TerrestrialQUEST641/3distalfallashquest
    Lake GjølvatnNorway6.25216007262.43230057TerrestrialQUEST640/3distalfallashquest
    LillerestjønnNorway6.3170499862.46889877TerrestrialQUEST642/3distalfallashquest
    SaudedalsmyraNorway6.23669004462.43389893TerrestrialQUEST643/3distalfallashquest
    Lac de SewenFrance6.89722013547.81169891500TerrestrialQUEST823/3distalfallashquest

    Torfajökull

    Data series

    Eruptions
    • series: Eruptions
    • series_type: Volc_Eruptions
    eruptioneruption_typett_sigmat_sourcerefnotes
    Landnam (silicic)Sub-Plinian871.51GICC05doi:10.1016/0012-821x(95)00145-3c. AD 871 ± 2 (GRIP). The Landnám tephra layer is characterised by two distinct tephra components: a lower rhyolitic tephra layer which is overlain by a basaltic tephra layer. Both of these were deposited following the ~AD 871 Vatnaöldur eruption which saw simultaneous eruptions of the basaltic Veidivötn-Bárðarbunga volcanic system and the silicic Torfajökull complex.
    HoyPlinian-4399.550doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rrc. 4400 BC radiocarbon (Hall & Pilcher 2002).
    Lairg B / Torfajökull 4700 BCPlinian-4694.541doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rrc. 4774-4677 cal BC 14C wiggle-match (Pilcher et al. 1996; Hall & Pilcher 2002).
    An DruimPlinian-7609.540IntCal09doi:10.1002/jqs.910c. 9633-9488 yr cal BP by Turney et al. (2006). Ranner et al. (2005) cites at age of 8590 ± 50 14C yr BP, which calibrates to 9671-9490 yr cal BP (2 sigma).
    Ashik ashPlinian-8449.5300doi:10.1002/jqs.1066position below the Saksunarvatn tephra and above the Vedde Ash indicates an early Holocene age. Pyne-O'Donnell (2007) places it above the Pre-Boreal Oscillation.
    Torfajökull AD1477Ultra-Plinian1477.51Calendardoi:10.1191/095968399669624108AD 1477 historical (the eruption was triggered by rifting within the Veidivotn volcanic system). Sometimes called Veidivotn AD1477. Larsen (1984) suggests an age of 1480 ± 11.
    Gullbergby tephraPlinian-749.5100doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.030c. 2700 cal yr BP interpolated (Wastegard 2005)
    Høvdarhagi tephraPlinian-7774.5125IntCal09doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.01414C modeled age of 9850-9600 yr cal BP (Lind & Wastegard 2011).
    Lairg B / Torfajökull 4700 BC_Distribution
    • series: Lairg B / Torfajökull 4700 BC_Distribution
    • series_type: Tephra_Distribution
    • eruption: Lairg B / Torfajökull 4700 BC
    sitecountrylongitudelatitudeelevationsite_typesampletephra_typetephra_depositmaterialz_rangecollectedcollected_bynotes
    ToomeUK-6.46179008554.75170135TerrestrialQUEST632/75distalfallashquest

    Veidivotn

    Data series

    Eruptions
    • series: Eruptions
    • series_type: Volc_Eruptions
    eruptioneruption_typett_sigmat_sourcerefnotes
    Veidivotn AD1717Sub-Plinian1717.51Calendardoi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2007.tb01176.xAD 1717 historical
    SvVSub-Plinian-659.5300doi:10.1016/s0921-8181(99)00011-9c. 2500 14C yr BP at Svinavatn, N Iceland (Boygle 1999)
    FMAZ I-THOLPlinian-16649.5500Marine04doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.03.001tholeiitic ash layer dated to c. 15,400 14C yr BP in Wastegard et al. (2006). Thought to be equivalent to 15.4 ka BAS-1 of Haflidarson et al. (2000).
    NGRIP 1595.1mSub-Plinian-12499.51GICC05doi:10.1002/jqs.908cf. 15.4 ka-BAS-1 tephra based on major element chemistry but SS09 age of 14428-14431 ice core years makes such a correlation highly unlikely. The depth suggests a GICC05 age of 14500 ± 180 b2k.
    I-THOL-1 (Tv-3)Sub-Plinian-9064.5225doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1992.tb00009.xOne of components of NAAZ I with age of ~10.4 ka 14C yr BP (Kvamme et al. 1989). Could be equivalent of Tv-3 in lake Torfadalsvatn with age of ~9.7 ka 14C yr BP (Bjorck et al., 1992).
    Sandoy BPlinian-9279.542IntCal09doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.01414C modeled age of 11,288-11,205 yr cal BP (Lind & Wastegard 2011)
    Sandoy APlinian-9379.542IntCal09doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.01414C modeled age of 11,388-11,305 yr cal BP
    Landnam (basaltic)Sub-Plinian871.51GICC05doi:10.1016/0012-821x(95)00145-3c. AD 871 ± 2 (GRIP). The Landnám tephra layer is characterised by two distinct tephra components: a lower rhyolitic tephra layer which is overlain by a basaltic tephra layer. Both of these were deposited following the ~AD 871 Vatnaöldur eruption which saw simultaneous eruptions of the basaltic Veidivötn-Bárðarbunga volcanic system and the silicic Torfajökull complex.

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