IntChron > doi > 10.1016 > 0012-821x(95)00145-3
| z | z_range | t | t_sigma | sample | volc_region | volcano | eruption | ref | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -10449.5 | 500 | QUEST944/274 | Iceland | Iceland_volcanoes | NAAZ I | |||||
| 871.5 | 1 | QUEST944/300 | EVZ | Veidivotn | Landnam (basaltic) | |||||
| -8346.5 | 1 | QUEST944/31 | EVZ | Grimsvotn | Saksunarvatn | |||||
| 871.5 | 1 | QUEST944/73 | EVZ | Torfajökull | Landnam (silicic) |
| eruption | eruption_type | t | t_sigma | t_source | ref | notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PMG-5 | Plinian | 1600.5 | 100 | doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rr | possibly c. AD 1600 interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002). | |||
| BIP-24 | Plinian | 900.5 | 100 | doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2005.tb01011.x | c. AD 900 interpolated | |||
| AD860 Layer part B | Plinian | 860.5 | 20 | doi:10.1177/095968369500500111 | c. AD 860 ± 20 radiocarbon wiggle-match at Sluggan (AD lower layer, colourless tephra shards, two populations) | |||
| OMH-185 (Barnsmore) | Plinian | -716.5 | 38 | IntCal04 | doi:10.1191/0959683604hl757rr | c. 755-680 cal BC (Plunkett et al. 2004). According to Hall and Pilcher (2002) this is probably equivalent to the DOM-6 'microlite' tephra in Germany. | ||
| Derrycunihy Wood SH-1 | Plinian | |||||||
| FMAZ II (Fugloyarbanki) | Plinian | -24739.5 | 1 | GICC05 | doi:10.1002/jqs.1182 | 26740 ± 390 yr b2k in NGRIP 1848.05 | ||
| Borrobol | Plinian | -12094.5 | 95 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1002/jqs.1498 | Best current estimate is 14.14-13.95 cal ka BP (Bayesian age model). Replaces Turney et al. (1997) date of c.14.4 cal ka BP. Davies et al. (2004) suggestion of 2 eruptions has been revised by Matthews et al. (2011). | ||
| L3574 | Plinian | No age given, reported as 'older than Saksunarvatn tephra' by Dugmore and Newton (1997). Turney et al. (2006) suggests an age of c. 10.8 ka cal. BP. | ||||||
| OWB-105 AD700 | Plinian | 700.5 | 100 | doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rr | c. AD 700 interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002). | |||
| Penifiler Tephra | Plinian | -11929.5 | 200 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1002/jqs.1498 | 14.08-13.68 cal ka BP (Bayesian age model) | ||
| Sluggan A | Plinian | -12549.5 | 500 | doi:10.1002/jqs.990 | c. 14500 cal BP suggested by Turney et al. (2006) | |||
| Sluggan B | Plinian | -10849.5 | 500 | doi:10.1002/jqs.990 | c. 12800 cal BP suggested by Turney et al. (2006) | |||
| AD860 Layer part A | Plinian | 860.5 | 20 | doi:10.1177/095968369500500111 | c. AD 860 ± 20 radiocarbon wiggle-match at Sluggan (AD lower layer, colourless tephra shards, two populations) | |||
| BMR-90 AD920 | Plinian | 920.5 | 100 | doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rr | c. AD 920 interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002) | |||
| Breakish Tephra | Plinian | doi:10.1002/jqs.1066 | no date suggested although position above the Ashik tephra and Saksunarvatn indicates an age in the early-mid Holocene. | |||||
| DOM-6 'microlite' tephra | Plinian | -696.5 | 35 | doi:10.1006/qres.2002.2325 | c. 730-664 cal BC radiocarbon (van den Bogaard et al. 2002). According to Hall & Pilcher (2002) this is probably equivalent to the OMH-185 (Barnsmore) tephra. | |||
| GB4-182 | Plinian | -1349.5 | 200 | doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rr | c. 1350 cal BC interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002) | |||
| GB4-50 AD1250 | Plinian | 1250.5 | 100 | doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rr | c. AD 1250 interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002) | |||
| Harthorpe Moss tephra | Plinian | doi:10.1177/095968369600600112 | ||||||
| Lough Portain B | Plinian | 0 | doi:10.1177/095968369500500301 | sub-population of Hekla AD 1510 eruption (Lough Portain A). Status is unclear, not a distinct isochrone | ||||
| MOR-T4 | Plinian | 1000.5 | 100 | doi:10.1191/0959683604hl749rp | c. cal AD 1000 interpolated (Chambers et al. 2004) | |||
| Roddans Port A | Plinian | doi:10.1002/jqs.990 | two sub-populations (A & B) at 63-64 cm depth, dating unclear, pre-Vedde Ash. | |||||
| Roddans Port B | Plinian | doi:10.1002/jqs.990 | two sub-populations (A & B) at 63-64 cm depth, dating unclear, pre-Vedde Ash. | |||||
| SLU-5 | Plinian | 1650.5 | 50 | doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rr | c. AD 1600-1700 interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002) | |||
| Stomyren tephra | Plinian | -149.5 | 100 | doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.030 | c. 2100 cal yr BP interpolated (Wastegard 2005) | |||
| Vallensgard Mose tephra | Plinian | doi:10.1002/jqs.990 | Stratigraphic position is similar to Vedde Ash, in the middle of the Younger Dryas, but geochemistry is different. Unclear if this is a significant tephra horizon. | |||||
| NAAZ I | Plinian | -10449.5 | 500 | Marine04 | doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.03.001 | Diffuse layer representing c. 11 ka 14C yr GS-1 ash zone containing components from I-Thol-2 (Grímsvötn), I-Rhy.1 (Katla) and I-Thol-1 (Veidivötn). It is commonly believed that the biggest contributor is the rhyolitic component of the Vedde Ash. | ||
| L-274 | Plinian | -8274.5 | 100 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.014 | 14C modeled age of 10,325-10,125 yr cal BP (Lind & Wastegard 2011). | ||
| 5d-BAS | Plinian | -109549.5 | 5000 | Orbital | doi:10.1016/s0277-3791(98)00038-9 | Probably represents an eruption complex. Several geochemical populations: BAS-I, BAS-II, BAS-III. | ||
| 5e-Midt | Plinian | -123049.5 | 5000 | Orbital | doi:10.1016/s0277-3791(98)00038-9 | Probably represents an eruption complex. Several geochemical populations: RHY, INT, BAS & TAB (the 5e-Midt/TRACHY is believed to be from Jan Mayen). Wallrabe-Adams & Lackschewitz (2002) suggest either Vatnafjoll or Vestmannaeyjar may be the source. | ||
| 5e-Low | Plinian | -127549.5 | 5000 | Orbital | doi:10.1016/s0277-3791(98)00038-9 | Probably represents an eruption complex. Several geochemical populations. Wallrabe-Adams & Lackschewitz (2002) suggest either Vatnafjoll or Vestmannaeyjar may be the source. | ||
| St. 5a-THOL-1 | Plinian | -74549.5 | 5000 | Orbital | doi:10.1016/0012-821x(95)00145-3 | THOL geochemical composition | ||
| St. 7-RHY-I & II | Plinian | -208049.5 | 20000 | Orbital | doi:10.1002/jqs.3390060205 | RHY-I & RHY-II geochemical compositions | ||
| St. 7-BAS/INT-I | Plinian | -208549.5 | 20000 | Orbital | doi:10.1002/jqs.3390060205 | INT-I & INT/BAS-I geochemical compositions | ||
| St. 9-RHY-I | Plinian | -328049.5 | 30000 | Orbital | doi:10.1002/jqs.3390060205 | RHY geochemical composition; possible equivalent to NAAZ III (III-RHY-I, c.320 ka) | ||
| St. 9-BAS-I | Plinian | -328049.5 | 30000 | Orbital | doi:10.1002/jqs.3390060205 | BAS geochemcial composition |
| site | country | longitude | latitude | elevation | site_type | sample | tephra_type | tephra_deposit | material | z_range | collected | collected_by | notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ballysculllian East | UK | -6.462999821 | 54.79750061 | 44 | Terrestrial | QUEST621/111 | distal | fall | ash | quest | |||||
| Borg Indrepollen | Norway | 13.49400043 | 68.14499664 | Terrestrial | QUEST636/111 | distal | fall | ash | quest |
| site | country | longitude | latitude | elevation | site_type | sample | tephra_type | tephra_deposit | material | z_range | collected | collected_by | notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borg Indrepollen | Norway | 13.49400043 | 68.14499664 | Terrestrial | QUEST636/110 | distal | fall | ash | quest |
| site | country | longitude | latitude | elevation | site_type | sample | tephra_type | tephra_deposit | material | z_range | collected | collected_by | notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Derrycunihy Wood | Ireland | -9.416669846 | 52.01670074 | Terrestrial | QUEST580/113 | distal | fall | ash | quest |
| site | country | longitude | latitude | elevation | site_type | sample | tephra_type | tephra_deposit | material | z_range | collected | collected_by | notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K708-1 | -23.75 | 50 | -4053 | Marine | QUEST709/3 | distal | fall | ash | quest |
| eruption | eruption_type | t | t_sigma | t_source | ref | notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vedde Ash | Ultra-Plinian | -10170.5 | 1 | GICC05 | doi:10.1029/2005jd006079 | Bi-model rhyolitic and basalt ash layer, c. 12171 ± 114 yr b2k (GICC05); alternatively NGRIP SS09 11985-11988 ice core yr BP. Norddahl and Haflidason (1992) have suggested that the Skogar tephra is the proximal correlate of the Vedde Ash. | ||
| Katla AD1625 | Plinian | 1625.5 | 1 | Calendar | AD 1625 historical | |||
| Eldgja tephra | Sub-Plinian | 934.5 | 1 | GICC05 | doi:10.1177/095968369500500201 | c. AD 938 ± 4 (GISP2) or AD934 ± 2. Katla~1000 and K-x are now believed to correspond to this eruption (G. Larsen, 2010, Katla: tephrochronology and eruption history, in Schomacker et al. [eds.] 'The Mýrdalsjökull Ice Cap, Iceland: glacial processes, sediments and landforms on an active volcano', Developments in Quaternary Science vol. 13, pp.23-49, Amsterdam: Elsevier). | ||
| GA4-85 | Plinian | 750.5 | 50 | doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rr | c. AD 700-800 interpolated (Hall & Pilcher 2002). | |||
| Tjornuvik AD800 B | Plinian | 800.5 | 50 | doi:10.1191/095968301668079904 | ninth century AD age suggested by Wastegard et al. (2001). | |||
| GB4-150 | Plinian | -777.5 | 21 | IntCal04 | doi:10.1191/0959683604hl757rr | c. 800-758 cal BC (Plunkett et al. 2004). | ||
| Mjauvotn A | Plinian | -4399.5 | 200 | doi:10.1191/095968301668079904 | c. 5300-5700 14C yr BP radiocarbon. A mid-distal basaltic tephra (Tv-5) dated to c. 6000 BP with a similar geochemistry to this tephra has been recorded in the sediment succession from Lake Torfadalsvatn on northern Iceland (Bjorck et al., 1992). | |||
| Mjauvotn B | Plinian | -4399.5 | 200 | doi:10.1191/095968301668079904 | c. 5300-5700 14C yr BP radiocarbon | |||
| Torfadalsvatn (Tv-5) | Sub-Plinian | -4954.5 | 240 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1992.tb00009.x | Transitional alkali basalt. Dated at Lake Torfadalsvatn to 6000 ± 140 14C yr BP (c.7240-6500 cal BP, 2 sigma). Possibly the mid-distal equivalent of Mjauvotn A tephra on the Faroes (Wastegard 2001). On the basis of major element geochemistry believed to be from Katla. | ||
| SILK-A1 | Sub-Plinian | -4009.5 | 207 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1002/jqs.724 | c. 5170 ± 85 14C yr BP (Wastegard 2002, JQS 17(8), 723-730). Calibrates to 6182-5730 yr cal BP (2 sigma). | ||
| SILK-A7 | Sub-Plinian | -5189.5 | 123 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1002/jqs.724 | c. 6245 ± 90 14C yr BP calibrates to 7415-6932 yr cal BP (2 sigma; Wastegard 2002) | ||
| SILK-YN | Sub-Plinian | 310.5 | 70 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1179/env.2000.5.1.21 | There are three 14C ages for this tephra, from 1500 ± 70 to 1880 ± 60 14C yr BP. Dugmore et al. (2000) argue for an age of 1740 ± 50 14C yr BP. Calibrated age range of 1811-1539 cal BP (2 sigma). | ||
| Suduroy tephra | Plinian | -6119.5 | 90 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1002/jqs.724 | Rhyolitic ash layer, c. 7240 ± 95 14C yr BP calibrates to 8310-7868 cal BP (2 sigma; Wastegard 2002, JQS 17(8), 723-730). | ||
| NGRIP 1508.26m | Sub-Plinian | -10249.5 | 1 | GICC05 | doi:10.1029/2005jd006079 | Rhyolitic ash layer. NGRIP GICC05 age of 12250 ± 117 b2k years | ||
| NGRIP 1573.00m | Sub-Plinian | -12019.5 | 1 | GICC05 | doi:10.1029/2005jd006079 | Basalt layer. NGRIP GICC05 14020 ± 167 b2k. | ||
| Dimna Ash | Plinian | -13149.5 | 300 | IntCal04 | doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.021 | Rhyolitic ash that is below radiocarbon age of 12780 ± 60 14C yr BP (15400-14850 cal BP) on terrestrial plant macrofossils (Koren et al. 2008) | ||
| AF555 | Plinian | -9544.5 | 295 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1002/jqs.1498 | Rhyolitic ash layer. Bayesian age model 11.79-11.20 cal ka BP | ||
| Solheimar Ignimbrite | Phreato-Plinian | -10149.5 | 700 | doi:10.1007/bf00298704 | correlated with Vedde Ash and dated to Younger Dryas Stadial. | |||
| NGRIP 1861.55m | Sub-Plinian | -25526.5 | 1 | GICC05 | doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.004 | Transitional alkali basalt; GICC05 age of 27527 ± 410 b2k | ||
| NGRIP 1895.24m | Sub-Plinian | -27129.5 | 1 | GICC05 | doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.004 | Transitional alkali basalt; GICC05 age of 29130 ± 456 b2k | ||
| IA2 | Sub-Plinian | -11199.5 | 146 | Orbital | doi:10.1016/s0277-3791(00)00146-3 | Ice rafted rhyolitic ash layer, Bond et al. (2001) assigns this to GI-1b which has a GICC05 age range of 13311-13099 b2k (± 146). | ||
| Skopun tephra | Plinian | -7799.5 | 100 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.014 | 14C modeled age of 9850-9650 yr cal BP (Lind & Wastegard 2011). | ||
| St. 5a-TAB-1 | Plinian | -73449.5 | 5000 | Orbital | doi:10.1016/0012-821x(95)00145-3 | TAB geochemical composition | ||
| St. 5a-TAB-2 | Plinian | -75549.5 | 5000 | Orbital | doi:10.1016/0012-821x(95)00145-3 | TAB geochemical composition |
| site | country | longitude | latitude | elevation | site_type | sample | tephra_type | tephra_deposit | material | z_range | collected | collected_by | notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borg Indrepollen | Norway | 13.49400043 | 68.14499664 | Terrestrial | QUEST636/54 | distal | fall | ash | quest |
| site | country | longitude | latitude | elevation | site_type | sample | tephra_type | tephra_deposit | material | z_range | collected | collected_by | notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gurskøy | Norway | 5.557889938 | 62.3708992 | Terrestrial | QUEST637/3 | distal | fall | ash | quest | ||||||
| Kvaltjern | Norway | 4.981400013 | 60.42309952 | Terrestrial | QUEST639/3 | distal | fall | ash | quest | ||||||
| Lake Kullatorpssjön | Sweden | 12.48770046 | 56.29410172 | 89 | Terrestrial | QUEST692/3 | distal | fall | ash | quest | |||||
| Lake Mullsjön | Sweden | 14.36079979 | 58.36930084 | 133 | Terrestrial | QUEST695/3 | distal | fall | ash | quest | |||||
| Lerstadvatn, Ålesond | Norway | 6.260990143 | 62.36729813 | Terrestrial | QUEST641/3 | distal | fall | ash | quest | ||||||
| Lake Gjølvatn | Norway | 6.252160072 | 62.43230057 | Terrestrial | QUEST640/3 | distal | fall | ash | quest | ||||||
| Lillerestjønn | Norway | 6.31704998 | 62.46889877 | Terrestrial | QUEST642/3 | distal | fall | ash | quest | ||||||
| Saudedalsmyra | Norway | 6.236690044 | 62.43389893 | Terrestrial | QUEST643/3 | distal | fall | ash | quest | ||||||
| Lac de Sewen | France | 6.897220135 | 47.81169891 | 500 | Terrestrial | QUEST823/3 | distal | fall | ash | quest |
| eruption | eruption_type | t | t_sigma | t_source | ref | notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Landnam (silicic) | Sub-Plinian | 871.5 | 1 | GICC05 | doi:10.1016/0012-821x(95)00145-3 | c. AD 871 ± 2 (GRIP). The Landnám tephra layer is characterised by two distinct tephra components: a lower rhyolitic tephra layer which is overlain by a basaltic tephra layer. Both of these were deposited following the ~AD 871 Vatnaöldur eruption which saw simultaneous eruptions of the basaltic Veidivötn-Bárðarbunga volcanic system and the silicic Torfajökull complex. | ||
| Hoy | Plinian | -4399.5 | 50 | doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rr | c. 4400 BC radiocarbon (Hall & Pilcher 2002). | |||
| Lairg B / Torfajökull 4700 BC | Plinian | -4694.5 | 41 | doi:10.1191/0959683602hl538rr | c. 4774-4677 cal BC 14C wiggle-match (Pilcher et al. 1996; Hall & Pilcher 2002). | |||
| An Druim | Plinian | -7609.5 | 40 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1002/jqs.910 | c. 9633-9488 yr cal BP by Turney et al. (2006). Ranner et al. (2005) cites at age of 8590 ± 50 14C yr BP, which calibrates to 9671-9490 yr cal BP (2 sigma). | ||
| Ashik ash | Plinian | -8449.5 | 300 | doi:10.1002/jqs.1066 | position below the Saksunarvatn tephra and above the Vedde Ash indicates an early Holocene age. Pyne-O'Donnell (2007) places it above the Pre-Boreal Oscillation. | |||
| Torfajökull AD1477 | Ultra-Plinian | 1477.5 | 1 | Calendar | doi:10.1191/095968399669624108 | AD 1477 historical (the eruption was triggered by rifting within the Veidivotn volcanic system). Sometimes called Veidivotn AD1477. Larsen (1984) suggests an age of 1480 ± 11. | ||
| Gullbergby tephra | Plinian | -749.5 | 100 | doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.030 | c. 2700 cal yr BP interpolated (Wastegard 2005) | |||
| Høvdarhagi tephra | Plinian | -7774.5 | 125 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.014 | 14C modeled age of 9850-9600 yr cal BP (Lind & Wastegard 2011). |
| site | country | longitude | latitude | elevation | site_type | sample | tephra_type | tephra_deposit | material | z_range | collected | collected_by | notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toome | UK | -6.461790085 | 54.75170135 | Terrestrial | QUEST632/75 | distal | fall | ash | quest |
| eruption | eruption_type | t | t_sigma | t_source | ref | notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Veidivotn AD1717 | Sub-Plinian | 1717.5 | 1 | Calendar | doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2007.tb01176.x | AD 1717 historical | ||
| SvV | Sub-Plinian | -659.5 | 300 | doi:10.1016/s0921-8181(99)00011-9 | c. 2500 14C yr BP at Svinavatn, N Iceland (Boygle 1999) | |||
| FMAZ I-THOL | Plinian | -16649.5 | 500 | Marine04 | doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.03.001 | tholeiitic ash layer dated to c. 15,400 14C yr BP in Wastegard et al. (2006). Thought to be equivalent to 15.4 ka BAS-1 of Haflidarson et al. (2000). | ||
| NGRIP 1595.1m | Sub-Plinian | -12499.5 | 1 | GICC05 | doi:10.1002/jqs.908 | cf. 15.4 ka-BAS-1 tephra based on major element chemistry but SS09 age of 14428-14431 ice core years makes such a correlation highly unlikely. The depth suggests a GICC05 age of 14500 ± 180 b2k. | ||
| I-THOL-1 (Tv-3) | Sub-Plinian | -9064.5 | 225 | doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1992.tb00009.x | One of components of NAAZ I with age of ~10.4 ka 14C yr BP (Kvamme et al. 1989). Could be equivalent of Tv-3 in lake Torfadalsvatn with age of ~9.7 ka 14C yr BP (Bjorck et al., 1992). | |||
| Sandoy B | Plinian | -9279.5 | 42 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.014 | 14C modeled age of 11,288-11,205 yr cal BP (Lind & Wastegard 2011) | ||
| Sandoy A | Plinian | -9379.5 | 42 | IntCal09 | doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.014 | 14C modeled age of 11,388-11,305 yr cal BP | ||
| Landnam (basaltic) | Sub-Plinian | 871.5 | 1 | GICC05 | doi:10.1016/0012-821x(95)00145-3 | c. AD 871 ± 2 (GRIP). The Landnám tephra layer is characterised by two distinct tephra components: a lower rhyolitic tephra layer which is overlain by a basaltic tephra layer. Both of these were deposited following the ~AD 871 Vatnaöldur eruption which saw simultaneous eruptions of the basaltic Veidivötn-Bárðarbunga volcanic system and the silicic Torfajökull complex. |