{"data_url":"https:\/\/intchron.org\/public.php?record=egyptdb\/Hierakonpolis","json_application":"INTCHRON.Project","records":[{"site":"Hierakonpolis","country":"Egypt","record":"Hierakonpolis","longitude":32.775260338416466,"latitude":25.092892720149113,"file":"https:\/\/intchron.org\/archive\/EgyptDB\/EgyptDB20\/record\/Hierakonpolis.json","file_data":{"json_application":"INTCHRON.Record:4","header":{"environment":"Desert edge","z_type":null,"z_basis":null,"z_units":null,"t_source":null,"suppress_t":null,"suppress_z":null,"record_comment":null,"site":"Hierakonpolis","country":"Egypt","region":"Upper Egypt","latitude":25.092892720149113,"longitude":32.775260338416466,"elevation":0,"record":"Hierakonpolis","site_type":"Archaeological","color":"rgb(204,204,0)"},"series_list":[{"series":"Radiocarbon","series_type":"R_Dates","parameter_list":"~z,~z_range,period,dynasty,reign,context,longitude,latitude","header_list":"","selected":true,"data":{"t":[-3569.74,-3296.88,-3685.34,-3533.55,-4554.96,-3620.28,-3075.7,-3717.39,-3615.64,-13477.6,-3799.29,-3487.55,-3484.72,-3480.49,-3517.46,-3695.38,-3575.91,-3485.88,-3524.45,-2937.78,-3277.87,-3457.88,-3559.62,-3446.54,-3606.45,-2859.48],"t_sigma":[403.152,135.986,115.9,83.7108,228.577,77.66,122.837,63.2315,55.4362,173.398,100.592,112.735,113.642,110.056,87.1164,82.679,92.0886,96.5925,91.01,141.842,142.284,108.163,89.6974,113.493,147.618,202.992],"labcode":["Beta 16150","Beta 16151","Beta 16152","Beta 16154","Beta 18041","Beta-142094","Beta-142096","Beta-216824","Beta-252910","BM-1127A","BM-1127B","UW-104","UW-105","W-4353","WIS-1151","WIS-1152","WIS-1153","WIS-1168","WIS-1169","WIS-1180","WIS-1181","WIS-1182","WIS-1183","WIS-1184","WSU-1729","WSU-1730"],"sample":["EDB_504","EDB_505","EDB_506","EDB_507","EDB_508","EDB_509","EDB_510","EDB_511","EDB_512","EDB_513","EDB_514","EDB_515","EDB_516","EDB_517","EDB_518","EDB_519","EDB_520","EDB_521","EDB_522","EDB_523","EDB_524","EDB_525","EDB_526","EDB_527","EDB_528","EDB_529"],"qual":["","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""],"r_date":[4820,4580,4890,4770,5680,4850,4400,4930,4850,12900,5000,4720,4717,4710,4750,4900,4815,4710,4760,4300,4570,4680,4800,4670,4830,4250],"r_date_sigma":[330,70,90,70,200,60,60,50,40,120,90,94,94,90,75,65,75,80,80,80,80,80,75,80,120,130],"material":["charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","Plant Remains","Wood","Wood","Bone","shell","shell","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","wood","wood","wood","wood","wood","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal"],"taxon":["","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""],"d13C":[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,-7.1,-9.8,null,null,null,-27.4,-27.4,-29.2,-29,-28.5,-21.7,-27.5,-27.9,-27,-27.9,null,null],"period":["Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic","Predynastic"],"dynasty":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"reign":["","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""],"context":["Locality 29a","Locality 29a","Locality 29a","Locality 29a","","Locality 6, Tomb 16 Complex (T 19)","Locality 6, Tomb 16 Complex","Locality 6, Tomb 26, adjacent to Tomb 16","Locality 6, Tomb 16 Complex (T 33)","Locality 33, Tomb 100. The painted tomb.","Locality 33, Tomb 100. The painted tomb","Locality 11a","Locality 11a","Locality 11c","Locality 11c, Mound A, Level 14","Locality 11c, Mound A, Level 6","Locality 11c, Square 0N-6E, Level 3. Sm","Locality 11c, 0N-0E, Feature 4","Locality 29, 10l10, Level 2, Structure 1","Locality 6, Superstructure over Tomb 1","Locality 11c, 6N-21W, Level 7"," Structure Ii, Locality 29 Square 17l13,","Structure Ii, Locality 29 Square 17l13,","Locality 29, 10l10, northwest quad 20cm","Locality 14","Locality 14"],"longitude":[32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.78,32.78,32.78,32.78,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744,32.7744],"latitude":[25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.1,25.1,25.1,25.1,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916,25.0916]},"refs":["ref:hoffman1993pae","doi:10.1017\/s0021853700023616","doi:10.1098\/rspa.2013.0395","ref:friedman2011epc","doi:10.1016\/0305-4403(83)90074-2","ref:hoffman1982phi","ref:pazdur1993pcr"]}],"refs":["ref:hoffman1993pae","doi:10.1017\/s0021853700023616","doi:10.1098\/rspa.2013.0395","ref:friedman2011epc","doi:10.1016\/0305-4403(83)90074-2","ref:hoffman1982phi","ref:pazdur1993pcr"],"changed":true}}],"bibliography":[{"ref":"dee2013ace","firstauthor":"Dee","year":2013,"reftype":"article","author":"Dee, M W and Wengrow, D and Shortland, A J and Stevenson, A and Brock, F and Flink, L G and Bronk Ramsey, C","title":"An absolute chronology for Early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling","journal":"Proceedings of the Royal Society A","volume":"469","number":"2159","pagefrom":20130395,"pageto":20130395,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspa.2013.0395","doi":"10.1098\/rspa.2013.0395","isbn":"","citation":"Dee et al., 2013","reference":"Dee, M.W., Wengrow, D., Shortland, A.J., Stevenson, A., Brock, F., Flink, L.G. and Bronk Ramsey, C. (2013) An absolute chronology for Early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 469(2159), pp.20130395-20130395. doi:10.1098\/rspa.2013.0395"},{"ref":"friedman2011epc","firstauthor":"Friedman","year":2011,"reftype":"inproceedings","author":"Friedman, R and van Neer, W and Linseele, V","title":"The elite Predynastic cemetery at Hierakonpolis: 2009-10 update","journal":"","volume":"","number":"","pagefrom":0,"pageto":0,"series":"","publisher":"Peeters","address":"192","booktitle":"Origins III","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"157","school":"","institution":"","url":"","doi":"","isbn":"","citation":"Friedman et al., 2011","reference":"Friedman, R., van Neer, W. and Linseele, V. (2011) The elite Predynastic cemetery at Hierakonpolis: 2009-10 update. In Friedman, R. and Fiske, P., Eds. Origins III. 192, Peeters."},{"ref":"hoffman1993pae","firstauthor":"Hoffman","year":1993,"reftype":"incollection","author":"Hoffman, M A and Mills, J O","title":"Problems of Assessing Environ-men-tal Impact on the Predynastic Settlements of Hierakonpolis","journal":"","volume":"","number":"","pagefrom":359,"pageto":370,"series":"","publisher":"Poznan Archaeological Museum","address":"Poznan","booktitle":"Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C.","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"","doi":"","isbn":"","citation":"Hoffman and Mills, 1993","reference":"Hoffman, M.A. and Mills, J.O. (1993) Problems of Assessing Environ-men-tal Impact on the Predynastic Settlements of Hierakonpolis. In Krzyzaniak, L., Kobusiewicz, M. and Alexander, J., Eds. Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C.. Poznan, Poznan Archaeological Museum, pp.359-370."},{"ref":"pazdur1993pcr","firstauthor":"Pazdur","year":1993,"reftype":"incollection","author":"Pazdur, M F and Michczynska, D J","title":"Probabilistic calibration of radiocarbon dates with specific Examples from Northeastern Africa.","journal":"","volume":"","number":"","pagefrom":473,"pageto":483,"series":"","publisher":"Pozna? Archaeological Museum.","address":"Pozna?","booktitle":"Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C.","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"","doi":"","isbn":"","citation":"Pazdur and Michczynska, 1993","reference":"Pazdur, M.F. and Michczynska, D.J. (1993) Probabilistic calibration of radiocarbon dates with specific Examples from Northeastern Africa.. In L. Krzy?aniak, Kobusiewicz, M. and Alexander, J.A., Eds. Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C.. Pozna?, Pozna? Archaeological Museum., pp.473-483."},{"ref":"close1988crr","firstauthor":"Close","year":1988,"reftype":"article","author":"Close, A E","title":"Current Research and Recent Radiocarbon Dates, Dates from Northern Africa, III","journal":"The Journal of African History","volume":"29","number":"2","pagefrom":145,"pageto":176,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/s0021853700023616","doi":"10.1017\/s0021853700023616","isbn":"","citation":"Close, 1988","reference":"Close, A.E. (1988) Current Research and Recent Radiocarbon Dates, Dates from Northern Africa, III. The Journal of African History, 29(2), pp.145-176. doi:10.1017\/s0021853700023616"},{"ref":"burleigh1983rdf","firstauthor":"Burleigh","year":1983,"reftype":"article","author":"Burleigh, R","title":"Two Radiocarbon Dates for Freshwater Shells from Hierakonpolis: Archaeological and Geological Interpretations","journal":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"10","number":"4","pagefrom":361,"pageto":367,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/0305-4403(83)90074-2","doi":"10.1016\/0305-4403(83)90074-2","isbn":"","citation":"Burleigh, 1983","reference":"Burleigh, R. (1983) Two Radiocarbon Dates for Freshwater Shells from Hierakonpolis: Archaeological and Geological Interpretations. Journal of Archaeological Science, 10(4), pp.361-367. doi:10.1016\/0305-4403(83)90074-2"},{"ref":"hoffman1982phi","firstauthor":"Hoffman","year":1982,"reftype":"book","author":"Hoffman, M A","title":"The Predynastic at Hierakonpolis: An Interim Monograph","journal":"","volume":"","number":"","pagefrom":0,"pageto":0,"series":"Egyptian Studies Association 1","publisher":"Cairo University Herbarium\/Western Illinois University Department of Sociology and Anthropology","address":"Giza\/Macomb","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"","doi":"","isbn":"","citation":"Hoffman, 1982","reference":"Hoffman, M.A. (1982) The Predynastic at Hierakonpolis: An Interim Monograph. In Egyptian Studies Association 1. Giza\/Macomb, Cairo University Herbarium\/Western Illinois University Department of Sociology and Anthropology."}],"compilation":{"by":"Christopher Ramsey","url":"https:\/\/intchron.org\/archive\/EgyptDB\/EgyptDB20\/index.json","updated":null,"retrieved":"2025-10-24T04:52:02+01:00"},"schema":"https:\/\/intchron.org\/schema"}