{"data_url":"https:\/\/intchron.org\/public.php?record=egyptdb\/Giza_Menkaure_Pyramid","json_application":"INTCHRON.Project","records":[{"site":"Giza Menkaure Pyramid","country":"Egypt","record":"Giza_Menkaure_Pyramid","longitude":31.12809944152832,"latitude":29.972400665283203,"file":"https:\/\/intchron.org\/archive\/EgyptDB\/EgyptDB20\/record\/Giza_Menkaure_Pyramid.json","file_data":{"json_application":"INTCHRON.Record:4","header":{"environment":"Limestone plateau","z_type":null,"z_basis":null,"z_units":null,"t_source":null,"suppress_t":null,"suppress_z":null,"record_comment":null,"site":"Giza Menkaure Pyramid","country":"Egypt","region":"Lower Egypt","latitude":29.972400665283203,"longitude":31.12809944152832,"elevation":0,"record":"Giza_Menkaure_Pyramid","site_type":"Archaeological","color":"rgb(51,204,153)"},"series_list":[{"series":"Radiocarbon","series_type":"R_Dates","parameter_list":"~z,~z_range,period,dynasty,reign,context,longitude,latitude","header_list":"","selected":true,"data":{"t":[535.936,-2962.96,-3117.85,-2962.84,-2988.19,-3190.59,-2645.59,-2807.09,-2393.03,-2446.97,-2248.65,-2291.43,-2422.87,-2517,-2793.79,-2626.72,-2661.59,-2966.42,-2703.4,-2742.22,-2625.77,-2756.59,-3138.57,-2758.02,-2840.89,-2711.45,-2711.68,-2830.38,-2744.44,-2140.65,-2599.38,-2189.03,-3089.02,-2073.38],"t_sigma":[152.473,212.404,151.668,179.061,97.0381,103.353,106.905,84.4826,76.125,104.565,105.303,99.7532,88.3987,90.4833,83.3776,110.036,109.91,97.0536,100.017,87.4134,106.866,85.9689,124.639,85.8006,99.5417,96.5171,136.858,151.493,118.615,94.3954,101.213,89.841,326.042,87.9258],"labcode":["BM-56","ETH-0229","ETH-0454","ETH-0455","ETH-13850","ETH-13852","ETH-13853","ETH-13854","ETH-13855","ETH-13857","ETH-13859","ETH-13861","ETH-13862","ETH-13863","ETH-13864","ETH-13865","ETH-13867","ETH-13868","ETH-13869","ETH-13871","ETH-13910","ETH-13911","ETH-13914","ETH-13915","ETH-13918","ETH-13919","ETH-4232","ETH-4233","ETH-4234","SMU-1352","SMU-1370","SMU-1414","SMU-1415","SMU-1419"],"sample":["EDB_445","EDB_446","EDB_447","EDB_448","EDB_449","EDB_450","EDB_451","EDB_452","EDB_453","EDB_454","EDB_455","EDB_456","EDB_457","EDB_458","EDB_459","EDB_460","EDB_461","EDB_462","EDB_463","EDB_464","EDB_465","EDB_466","EDB_467","EDB_468","EDB_469","EDB_470","EDB_471","EDB_472","EDB_473","EDB_474","EDB_475","EDB_476","EDB_477","EDB_478"],"qual":["","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""],"r_date":[1500,4310,4420,4310,4335,4489,4074,4236,3917,3954,3803,3833,3939,3994,4226,4060,4082,4319,4115,4163,4062,4186,4445,4188,4257,4122,4145,4245,4180,3735,4048,3768,4418,3685],"r_date_sigma":[150,135,105,105,60,54,47,53,48,64,63,62,55,54,54,54,55,61,53,56,49,59,67,59,60,51,105,95,90,59,48,51,250,60],"material":["tissue","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","charcoal","soil","charcoal","soil","charcoal","soil"],"taxon":["human skin","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","brown powder","","brown powder","","brown powder"],"d13C":[null,-22,-22.8,-28,-27,-23.5,-25.2,-22,-28,-26.5,-27.6,-26.7,-27.1,-26.5,-26.4,-26.6,-26,-25.1,-25.1,-23.4,-26.7,-25.5,-23.4,-24.4,-24.5,-26.6,-25,-28.9,-29.1,-21.9,-25.9,-20.9,-26.1,-21.9],"period":["Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom","Old Kingdom"],"dynasty":[4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4],"reign":["Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure","Menkaure"],"context":["Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure. Southeast corner,","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure","Pyramid of Menkaure. Southeast corner,","Pyramid of Menkaure. Southeast corner,","Pyramid of Menkaure. Southeast corner,","Pyramid of Menkaure. Southeast corner,","Pyramid of Menkaure. Southeast corner,"],"longitude":[31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281,31.1281],"latitude":[29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724,29.9724]},"refs":["doi:10.1017\/s1061592x00020573","doi:10.1017\/s0003598x00047979","doi:10.1017\/s0033822200038558","ref:haas1987rch"]}],"refs":["doi:10.1017\/s1061592x00020573","doi:10.1017\/s0003598x00047979","doi:10.1017\/s0033822200038558","ref:haas1987rch"],"changed":true}}],"bibliography":[{"ref":"dee2012srd","firstauthor":"Dee","year":2012,"reftype":"article","author":"Dee, M W and Rowland, J M and Higham, T F G and Shortland, A J and Brock, F and Harris, S A and Bronk Ramsey, C","title":"Synchronising Radiocarbon Dating and the Egyptian Historical chronology by Improved Sample Selection","journal":"Antiquity","volume":"86","number":"333","pagefrom":868,"pageto":883,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/s0003598x00047979","doi":"10.1017\/s0003598x00047979","isbn":"","citation":"Dee et al., 2012","reference":"Dee, M.W., Rowland, J.M., Higham, T.F.G., Shortland, A.J., Brock, F., Harris, S.A. and Bronk Ramsey, C. (2012) Synchronising Radiocarbon Dating and the Egyptian Historical chronology by Improved Sample Selection. Antiquity, 86(333), pp.868-883. doi:10.1017\/s0003598x00047979"},{"ref":"bonani2001rdm","firstauthor":"Bonani","year":2001,"reftype":"article","author":"Bonani, G and Haas, H and Hawass, Z and Lehner, M and Nakhla, S and Nolan, J and Wenke, R and Wolfli, W","title":"Radiocarbon dates of old and Middle Kingdom monuments in Egypt","journal":"Radiocarbon","volume":"43","number":"3","pagefrom":1297,"pageto":1320,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033822200038558","doi":"10.1017\/s0033822200038558","isbn":"","citation":"Bonani et al., 2001","reference":"Bonani, G., Haas, H., Hawass, Z., Lehner, M., Nakhla, S., Nolan, J., Wenke, R. and Wolfli, W. (2001) Radiocarbon dates of old and Middle Kingdom monuments in Egypt. Radiocarbon, 43(3), pp.1297-1320. doi:10.1017\/s0033822200038558"},{"ref":"haas1987rch","firstauthor":"Haas","year":1987,"reftype":"incollection","author":"Haas, H and Devine, J and Wenke, R and Lehner, M and Wolfli, W and Bonani, G","title":"Radiocarbon Chronology and the Historical Calendar in Egypt: Relative Chronologies and Absolute Chronology 16,000-14,000 BP","journal":"","volume":"Internatio","number":"","pagefrom":0,"pageto":0,"series":"","publisher":"BAR","address":"Oxford","booktitle":"Chronologies in the Near East","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"","doi":"","isbn":"","citation":"Haas et al., 1987","reference":"Haas, H., Devine, J., Wenke, R., Lehner, M., Wolfli, W. and Bonani, G. (1987) Radiocarbon Chronology and the Historical Calendar in Egypt: Relative Chronologies and Absolute Chronology 16,000-14,000 BP. In Aurenche, O., Evin, J. and Hours, F., Eds. Chronologies in the Near East. Vol. Internatio Oxford, BAR."},{"ref":"barker1960bmn","firstauthor":"Barker","year":1960,"reftype":"article","author":"Barker, H and Mackey, J","title":"British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements II","journal":"Radiocarbon","volume":"2","number":"","pagefrom":26,"pageto":30,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/s1061592x00020573","doi":"10.1017\/s1061592x00020573","isbn":"","citation":"Barker and Mackey, 1960","reference":"Barker, H. and Mackey, J. (1960) British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements II. Radiocarbon, 2, pp.26-30. doi:10.1017\/s1061592x00020573"}],"compilation":{"by":"Christopher Ramsey","url":"https:\/\/intchron.org\/archive\/EgyptDB\/EgyptDB20\/index.json","updated":null,"retrieved":"2025-10-24T04:42:12+01:00"},"schema":"https:\/\/intchron.org\/schema"}