{"data_url":"https:\/\/intchron.org\/public.php?record=egyptdb\/Abydos_Umm_el-Qa_ab","json_application":"INTCHRON.Project","records":[{"site":"Abydos Umm el-Qa'ab","country":"Egypt","record":"Abydos_Umm_el-Qa_ab","longitude":31.91322793960571,"latitude":26.181654834747313,"file":"https:\/\/intchron.org\/archive\/EgyptDB\/EgyptDB20\/record\/Abydos_Umm_el-Qa_ab.json","file_data":{"json_application":"INTCHRON.Record:4","header":{"environment":"Desert edge","z_type":null,"z_basis":null,"z_units":null,"t_source":null,"suppress_t":null,"suppress_z":null,"record_comment":null,"site":"Abydos Umm el-Qa'ab","country":"Egypt","region":"Upper Egypt","latitude":26.181654834747313,"longitude":31.91322793960571,"elevation":0,"record":"Abydos_Umm_el-Qa_ab","site_type":"Archaeological","color":"rgb(204,204,0)"},"series_list":[{"series":"Radiocarbon","series_type":"R_Dates","parameter_list":"~z,~z_range,period,dynasty,reign,context,longitude,latitude","header_list":"","selected":true,"data":{"t":[-2800.92,-3040.36,-3131.84,-3119.14,-3226.89,-3212.11,-3208.83,-3262.13,-3446.32,-1095.16,1804.41,-2952.13,1814.05,513.502,-1293.01,-1118.8,-3558.44,-2976.74,-2919.29,-2919.29,-3094.64,-2972.64,-2999.76,1806.64,-2963.91,-2929.16,-3013.65,-2735.31,-3003.34,-3074.37,-2897.21,-2897.21,-3186.15,-2836.42,-2836.42,-2881.46,-3199.64,-2940.61,-3212.81,-2989.89],"t_sigma":[72.0297,102.666,109.098,124.759,87.8476,74.2577,83.5804,102.022,47.5644,54.6328,85.3225,44.2699,82.2631,46.5417,53.7567,52.2523,60.9695,44.7331,29.5482,29.5482,109.286,45.2611,62.2859,84.4591,45.1832,41.0773,73.5608,79.8091,69.7038,107.515,14.8384,14.8384,98.346,57.4013,57.4013,43.8561,89.8138,37.7102,81.0298,58.1838],"labcode":["Bln-4680","Bln-4681","Hd-12907","Hd-12912","Hd-12926","Hd-12947","Hd-12952","OxA-17865","OxA-17866","OxA-17870","OxA-17871","OxA-18511","OxA-18961","OxA-19251","OxA-19540","OxA-19541","OxA-19791","OxA-23150","OxA-23151","OxA-23152","OxA-23195","OxA-23196","OxA-23197","OxA-25418","OxA-25595","OxA-26044","OxA-26091","OxA-26830","OxA-26831","OxA-26832","OxA-26833","OxA-26834","OxA-26835","OxA-26836","OxA-26837","OxA-26838","OxA-27250","OxA-27252","OxA-27253","OxA-X-2497-55"],"sample":["EDB_65","EDB_66","EDB_67","EDB_68","EDB_69","EDB_70","EDB_71","E0023","E0122","1901.36.10","1901.36.3","BM35555","1896-1908 E.1259","1901.40.120","1901.40.59.1","1901.40.59.2","UC35693","1901.40.76","1901.40.89.3","1901.40.89.3","1901.40.53","1901.40.78.1","1901.40.78.2","Ashmol. 1896-1908 E.1259","Ashmol. 1896-1908 E.4034","1896-1908 E.4065 (Ashmolean)","1896-1908 E.4066 (Ashmolean)","AF.11.4 Q5","AF.11.4.406","AF.11.4.409","AF.11.4.428","AF.11.4.428","AF.11.4.440","AF.11.4.452","AF.11.4.452","AF.11.4.460","AF.11.4.412","AF.11.4","AF.11.4.414","AF.11.4.459"],"qual":["","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""],"r_date":[4224,4397,4440,4430,4535,4505,4495,4562,4653,2905,154,4329,141,1548,3031,2922,4764,4368,4306,4324,4428,4359,4389,151,4344,4307,4397,4138,4387,4420,4258,4299,4465,4250,4205,4266,4476,4329,4477,4377],"r_date_sigma":[41,42,25,60,40,20,35,35,35,29,25,33,24,30,25,25,33,26,27,26,29,29,28,28,32,33,29,31,32,32,33,31,33,31,32,32,32,21,21,31],"material":["wood","wood","wood","wood","wood","wood","wood","plant remains","plant remains","plant remains","plant remains","seeds","plant remains","plant remains","plant remains","plant remains","plant remains","plant remains","plant remains","plant remains","hair","hair","hair","plant remains","other","other","other","bone","bone","bone","bone","bone","bone","bone","bone","bone","bone","bone","bone","bone"],"taxon":["","","","","","","","","","","","Ficus carica","","Poaceae","Poaceae","Poaceae"," ","","","","Human","Human","Human","","","Pot contents","Pot contents","Human","Human","Human","Human","Human","Human","Human","Human","Human","Human","Human","Human","Human"],"d13C":[null,-27.35,null,null,null,null,null,-13.6,-12.2,-16.3,-19.6,-21.1,-25,-20.8,-10,-8.6,-13.3,-27.128,-22.115,-22.138,-17.656,-18.953,-18.326,-25.242,-25.374,-23.146,-24.673,-16.944,-17.587,-17.356,-19.03,-19.059,-18.139,-17.565,-17.566,-17.371,-16.468,-17.7375,-17.718,-18.154],"period":["Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic","Early Dynastic"],"dynasty":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],"reign":["Qa'a","Qa'a","Djer","Djer","Aha","Aha","Den","Aha","Den","Aha ","Den","Djer","Anedjib ","Khasekhemwy","Djer","Djer","Aha","Den","Den","Den","Djer","Den","Den","Anedjib","Djer","Djer","Djer","Qa'a","Djer","Djer","Qa'a","Qa'a","Djet","Anedjib","Anedjib","Qa'a","Qa'a","Qa'a","Djer","Semerkhet"],"context":["Tomb of Qa-a (tomb Q) from royal chamber","Tomb of Qa-a (tomb Q) from royal chamber","Grave B40a roof beam","Grave B40a roof beam","Grave B19 rectangular beam","Grave B19 fragment of shrine","Tomb of Den (Tomb T)","The Royal Tombs","The Royal Tombs","Royal Tombs","Royal Tombs","Tomb of Djer","Tomb X61","Tomb of Khasekhemwy","Tomb O","Tomb O","Tomb B19","Tomb T","Tomb T","Tomb T","Tomb O","Tomb T","Tomb T","Tomb 61 ","Tomb O","Tomb O","Tomb O","Tomb Q (Chamber 5)","Tomb O","Tomb O (Chamber 13)","Tomb Q (Chamber 7)","Tomb Q (Chamber 7)","Grave W57b","Grave X52","Grave X52","Tomb Q (Chamber 14)","Tomb O (Chamber 22)","Tomb Q (Chamber 8), RT6?","Tomb O","Tomb U (P)"],"longitude":[31.908,31.908,31.908,31.908,31.908,31.908,31.908,31.93,31.93,31.93,31.93,31.93,31.93,31.93,31.93,31.93,31.93,31.9167,31.9167,31.9167,31.9167,31.9167,31.9167,31.9167,31.9167,31.9167,31.9167,31.9081,31.9081,31.9081,31.9081,31.9081,31.9081,31.9081,31.9081,31.9081,31.8833,31.8833,31.8833,31.8833],"latitude":[26.175,26.175,26.175,26.175,26.175,26.175,26.175,26.19,26.19,26.19,26.19,26.19,26.19,26.19,26.19,26.19,26.19,26.1833,26.1833,26.1833,26.1833,26.1833,26.1833,26.1833,26.1833,26.1833,26.1833,26.175,26.175,26.175,26.175,26.175,26.175,26.175,26.175,26.175,26.1833,26.1833,26.1833,26.1833]},"refs":["doi:10.1017\/s0003598x00047979","doi:10.1098\/rspa.2013.0395","doi:10.1017\/s0033822200018579","ref:boehmer1993efd","ref:hendrickx1999cpt","doi:10.1017\/s003382220002035x","ref:petrie1901rte","ref:rowland2011ode","doi:10.1038\/071583c0","ref:petrie1901rtf","ref:kaplony1963iaf"]}],"refs":["doi:10.1017\/s0003598x00047979","doi:10.1098\/rspa.2013.0395","doi:10.1017\/s0033822200018579","ref:boehmer1993efd","ref:hendrickx1999cpt","doi:10.1017\/s003382220002035x","ref:petrie1901rte","ref:rowland2011ode","doi:10.1038\/071583c0","ref:petrie1901rtf","ref:kaplony1963iaf"],"changed":true}}],"bibliography":[{"ref":"dee2013ace","firstauthor":"Dee","year":2013,"reftype":"article","author":"Dee, M W and Wengrow, D and Shortland, A J and Stevenson, A and Brock, F and Flink, L G and Bronk Ramsey, C","title":"An absolute chronology for Early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling","journal":"Proceedings of the Royal Society A","volume":"469","number":"2159","pagefrom":20130395,"pageto":20130395,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspa.2013.0395","doi":"10.1098\/rspa.2013.0395","isbn":"","citation":"Dee et al., 2013","reference":"Dee, M.W., Wengrow, D., Shortland, A.J., Stevenson, A., Brock, F., Flink, L.G. and Bronk Ramsey, C. (2013) An absolute chronology for Early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 469(2159), pp.20130395-20130395. doi:10.1098\/rspa.2013.0395"},{"ref":"dee2012srd","firstauthor":"Dee","year":2012,"reftype":"article","author":"Dee, M W and Rowland, J M and Higham, T F G and Shortland, A J and Brock, F and Harris, S A and Bronk Ramsey, C","title":"Synchronising Radiocarbon Dating and the Egyptian Historical chronology by Improved Sample Selection","journal":"Antiquity","volume":"86","number":"333","pagefrom":868,"pageto":883,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/s0003598x00047979","doi":"10.1017\/s0003598x00047979","isbn":"","citation":"Dee et al., 2012","reference":"Dee, M.W., Rowland, J.M., Higham, T.F.G., Shortland, A.J., Brock, F., Harris, S.A. and Bronk Ramsey, C. (2012) Synchronising Radiocarbon Dating and the Egyptian Historical chronology by Improved Sample Selection. Antiquity, 86(333), pp.868-883. doi:10.1017\/s0003598x00047979"},{"ref":"rowland2011ode","firstauthor":"Rowland","year":2011,"reftype":"article","author":"Rowland, J M and Bronk Ramsey, C","title":"Online C14 database for Egypt","journal":"Egyptian Archaeology","volume":"38","number":"","pagefrom":33,"pageto":34,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"","doi":"","isbn":"","citation":"Rowland and Bronk Ramsey, 2011","reference":"Rowland, J.M. and Bronk Ramsey, C. (2011) Online C14 database for Egypt. Egyptian Archaeology, 38, pp.33-34."},{"ref":"hendrickx1999cpt","firstauthor":"Hendrickx","year":1999,"reftype":"article","author":"Hendrickx, S","title":"La chronologie de la pr\\'ehistoire tardive et des d\\'ebuts de l'histoire de l'Egypte","journal":"Arch\\'eo-Nil","volume":"9","number":"","pagefrom":13,"pageto":81,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"","doi":"","isbn":"","citation":"Hendrickx, 1999","reference":"Hendrickx, S. (1999) La chronologie de la pr\u00e9histoire tardive et des d\u00e9buts de l'histoire de l'Egypte. Arch\u00e9o-Nil, 9, pp.13-81."},{"ref":"gorsdorf1998dar","firstauthor":"G\\\"orsdorf","year":1998,"reftype":"article","author":"G\\\"orsdorf, J and Dreyer, G and Hartung, U","title":"New 14C Dating of the Archaic Royal Necropolis Umm el-Qaab at Abydos (Egypt)","journal":"Radiocarbon","volume":"40","number":"2","pagefrom":641,"pageto":647,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033822200018579","doi":"10.1017\/s0033822200018579","isbn":"","citation":"G\u00f6rsdorf et al., 1998","reference":"G\u00f6rsdorf, J., Dreyer, G. and Hartung, U. (1998) New 14C Dating of the Archaic Royal Necropolis Umm el-Qaab at Abydos (Egypt). Radiocarbon, 40(2), pp.641-647. doi:10.1017\/s0033822200018579"},{"ref":"boehmer1993efd","firstauthor":"Boehmer","year":1993,"reftype":"article","author":"Boehmer, R M and Dreyer, G and Kromer, B","title":"Einige fr\\\"uhzeitliche 14C-Datierungen aus Abydos und Uruk","journal":"Mitteilungen des Deutschen Arch\\\"aologischen Instituts abteillung Kairo","volume":"49","number":"","pagefrom":63,"pageto":68,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"","doi":"","isbn":"","citation":"Boehmer et al., 1993","reference":"Boehmer, R.M., Dreyer, G. and Kromer, B. (1993) Einige fr\u00fchzeitliche 14C-Datierungen aus Abydos und Uruk. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Arch\u00e4ologischen Instituts abteillung Kairo, 49, pp.63-68."},{"ref":"kaplony1963iaf","firstauthor":"Kaplony","year":1963,"reftype":"book","author":"Kaplony, P","title":"Die Inschriften der \\\"Agyptischen Fr\\\"uhzeit","journal":"","volume":"","number":"","pagefrom":0,"pageto":0,"series":"","publisher":"\\\"Agyptologische Abhandlung","address":"Wiesbaden","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"","doi":"","isbn":"","citation":"Kaplony, 1963","reference":"Kaplony, P. (1963) Die Inschriften der \u00c4gyptischen Fr\u00fchzeit. Wiesbaden, \u00c4gyptologische Abhandlung."},{"ref":"ralph1959upr","firstauthor":"Ralph","year":1959,"reftype":"article","author":"Ralph, E K","title":"University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates III","journal":"Radiocarbon","volume":"1","number":"","pagefrom":45,"pageto":58,"series":"","publisher":"","address":"","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/s003382220002035x","doi":"10.1017\/s003382220002035x","isbn":"","citation":"Ralph, 1959","reference":"Ralph, E.K. (1959) University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates III. Radiocarbon, 1, pp.45-58. doi:10.1017\/s003382220002035x"},{"ref":"thomson1905art","firstauthor":"Thomson","year":1905,"reftype":"book","author":"Thomson, A and Randall-MacIver, D","title":"The Ancient Races of the Thebaid. Being an anthropomorphic study of the inhabitants of Upper Egypt from earliest prehistoric times to the Mohammedan Conquest based on the examination of over 1,500 crania","journal":"Nature","volume":"71","number":"1851","pagefrom":583,"pageto":583,"series":"","publisher":"Clarendon Press","address":"Oxford","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/071583c0","doi":"10.1038\/071583c0","isbn":"","citation":"Thomson and Randall-MacIver, 1905","reference":"Thomson, A. and Randall-MacIver, D. (1905) The Ancient Races of the Thebaid. Being an anthropomorphic study of the inhabitants of Upper Egypt from earliest prehistoric times to the Mohammedan Conquest based on the examination of over 1,500 crania. Vol. 71 Oxford, Clarendon Press. doi:10.1038\/071583c0"},{"ref":"petrie1901rte","firstauthor":"Petrie","year":1901,"reftype":"book","author":"Petrie, W M F","title":"The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties","journal":"","volume":"II","number":"","pagefrom":0,"pageto":0,"series":"","publisher":"Egypt Exploration Fund","address":"London","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"","doi":"","isbn":"","citation":"Petrie, 1901","reference":"Petrie, W.M.F. (1901) The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties. Vol. II London, Egypt Exploration Fund."},{"ref":"petrie1901rtf","firstauthor":"Petrie","year":1901,"reftype":"book","author":"Petrie, W M F","title":"The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty, 2","journal":"","volume":"2","number":"","pagefrom":0,"pageto":0,"series":"","publisher":"Egypt Exploration Fund","address":"London","booktitle":"","chapter":null,"edition":null,"organization":"","school":"","institution":"","url":"","doi":"","isbn":"","citation":"Petrie, 1901","reference":"Petrie, W.M.F. (1901) The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty, 2. Vol. 2 London, Egypt Exploration Fund."}],"compilation":{"by":"Christopher Ramsey","url":"https:\/\/intchron.org\/archive\/EgyptDB\/EgyptDB20\/index.json","updated":null,"retrieved":"2025-10-24T04:42:11+01:00"},"schema":"https:\/\/intchron.org\/schema"}